The humble bumblebee is feeling the squeeze from climate change.

Newly published research shows that its southern range is being reduced as the planet warms – and yet it seems to show no sign of migrating northwards to safety.

This unwillingness to head for cooler climes could prove disastrous, and has prompted some scientists to suggest that humans may need to intervene by creating refuges for the bees away from the heat.

Jeremy Kerr, a biologist at the University of Ottawa, Canada, and colleagues report in the journal Science that they generated a database of 423,000 local observations of 36 European and 31 North American species of the genus Bombus and mapped the patterns of change.

They found that in recent, increasingly warmer decades, bumblebees tended to disappear from the southernmost and hottest parts of their range, but did not shift north. In some cases, the insects’ range had shrunk by as much as 300 kilometres.

“Using long-term observations across Europe and North America over 110 years, we tested for climate change-related range shifts in bumblebee species across the full extents of their latitudinal and thermal limits and movements along elevation gradients”, the paper states.

“We found cross-continentally consistent trends in failures to track warming through time at species’ northern range limits, range losses from southern range limits, and shifts to higher elevations among southern species. These effects … underscore the need to test for climate impacts at both leading and trailing latitudinal and thermal limits for species.”

Bumblebees trapped in ‘climate vice’

“Global warming has trapped bumblebee species in a kind of climate vice”, Professor Kerr says. “The result is dramatic losses of bumblebee species from the hottest areas across two continents.

“For species that evolved under cool conditions, like bumblebees, global warming might be the kind of threat that causes many of them to disappear for good. Unlike so many other species, bumblebees generally haven’t expanded into more northern areas. We may need to help these species establish new colonies to the north, and at continental scales.”

The finding is a clear indication that some naturally mobile species may not be able to adapt to climate change.

In recent decades, biologists have used animal and even plant migration to monitor climate change. Alpine species in Switzerland have been observed moving uphill, and in the UK, the butterfly range has tended to shift northwards.

In the latest study, the scientists looked at a range of factors that might limit bumblebee migration – things such as changes in land use, and pesticide prevalence, create problems for all wild species. But these factors seemed to play no significant part in limiting the creature’s range.

There is evidence that, where they can do, some species are moving uphill by as much as 300 metres, while still staying in the same latitude. But researchers do know that bumblebees don’t thrive in the extremes of heat that have been an increasing feature of recent decades.

Bees should be able to migrate north – but they’re not doing it

“We don’t know for sure what is causing a stagnation at the northern end of things“, says Paul Galpern, a landscape ecologist at the University of Calgary, and a co-author of the report.

“Bees should be able to start new colonies in places they did not historically occupy. But we don’t know why this is happening so slowly that it looks like the ranges are not moving at all. This all points to the fact that bumblebees are at risk, and the services that they provide are increasingly threatened by human-caused climate change.”

Such creatures play an important role in temperate zone ecosystems. “Bumblebees pollinate many plants that provide food for humans and wildlife“, says Leif Richardson, a biologist at the University of Vermont, and also a co-author of the report.

“If we don’t stop the decline in the abundance of bumblebees, we may well face higher food prices, diminished varieties, and other troubles.”

Professor Kerr reinforces the message: “Pollinators are vital for food security and our economy, and widespread losses of pollinators due to climate change will diminish both.

“We need to figure out how we can improve the outlook for pollinators at continental scales, but the most important thing we can do is begin to take serious action to reduce the rate of climate change.”

The paper: ‘Climate change impacts on bumblebees converge across continents‘ by Jeremy T Kerr et al is published in Science.

Tim Radford writes for Climate News Network.

When the government announced on Wednesday that they were aiming to amend the Hunting Act, there was understandable outcry.

Hidden in the language of ‘flushing to guns’ and ‘a minor amendment’ was basically a cynical attempt to make it easier for hunts to chase and kill foxes. It would also make it harder for hunts to be convicted when they break the law.

Now we have seen the full details of what the government are proposing. And it’s a whole lot worse than we thought.

The changes to the Hunting Act are not minor or subtle, they are massive. This is not a ‘tweak’ to facilitate pest control, this is nothing short of repeal.

All of the exemptions to the Act have been altered to allow an unlimited number of dogs, not just the flushing exemption. So a full pack could be used to:

• Retrieve an injured or diseased animal
• Carry out research and observation
• Flush a mammal to waiting guns

What this means is that any hunt can go out with a full pack of dogs and just pick the exemption that suits them best on the day. They’ll never even have to have a gun present, they can claim to be carrying out observation. Or that they spotted a diseased fox or hare, or even deer, and were retrieving it to be shot, but, uh oh, the hounds killed it first.

What all this means is that prosecution under the Hunting Act will be extremely difficult, or even impossible.

The myth of ‘pest control’

They are also relaxing the exemption for terrier work, allowing it to be used to protect livestock as well as birds reared for shooting, and not requiring the perpetrators to carry written permission from landowners.

What is terrier work? This is the despicable practice of sending terrier dogs down under the ground to do battle with foxes who have escaped. You can only imagine the fear and the damage inflicted on both animals. This should be outlawed, full stop, but through this amendment the Government will make it legal.

For the record, do the arguments about ‘pest’ or ‘fox control’ have any substance? The main argument being used to justify this change is that farmers who need to kill foxes to protect their livestock cannot do it by only using two dogs to ‘flush to guns’ – that means chase the foxes from cover into a waiting shotgun.

In Scotland they can use an unlimited number of dogs, and this is what the amendment in England and Wales is claiming to try and achieve.

All this might sound reasonable until you look into it a bit deeper. Yes, foxes do kill lambs – but by no means to the extent that is implied by the pro-hunt lobby. Evidence and the Government’s own figures show that a tiny proportion of lamb deaths can be attributed to foxes.

One study attributed only 1% of lamb deaths to foxes, the other 99% are due to inclement weather and failures of husbandry. We’ve had farmers come to us to say that lethal fox control is completely unnecessary.

What it’s really all about – the fun of killing

But the point is, this is actually nothing to do with flushing to guns or pest control. This is not about hunting foxes for pest control, it’s about hunting foxes for fun. Let’s get real – hunts talk about the ‘thrill of the chase’ – they don’t talk about the ‘thrill of surrounding some trees so the fox can get shot’.

And if fox hunting has anything to do with pest control, why would hunts, or closely connected individuals, be feeding up foxes with offal piles in the woods and even ‘farming’ fox cubs – as revealed in The Ecologist?

Hunting has been illegal for ten years, but in many places it has continued. There have been over 400 convictions under the Hunting Act making it very successful, but hunts have also found many ways to jump through loopholes. The new amendments being suggested will turn those loopholes into one massive blackhole.

If amended in this way it will run a coach and horses through the legislation and will allow hunts to get away with chasing wild animals across the countryside to allow the hounds to rip them apart.

And remember: these are the people who spent years arguing that the Hunting Act was a bad and ineffective law, when the real problem was that it worked all too well. Now, with this amendment, they are trying to make sure that it’s a bad and ineffective law.

MPs’ decision time

The question is, will MPs let this happen? We know that eight out of ten people in this country are opposed to hunting. We know that the majority of opposition MPs are opposed to hunting – including those of the Scottish National Party, whose participation in the vote is not yet guaranteed.

We also know that at least 40 Conservative MPs are opposed to hunting, along with seven out of ten Conservative voters are opposed to hunting. So could this actually go through? The sad truth is yes, if MPs allow it.

Our somewhat archaic Parliamentary system means that only people attending the session can vote, so we need to ensure that everyone opposed to fox hunting is present. All it will take to bring back hunting is for anti-hunting MPs not to turn up.

The government is being canny by proceeding this way, however. The initial manifesto pledge was for a free vote on ‘repeal of the Hunting Act’. Over the last few weeks they have obviously seen how much opposition there would be to that, and realised they wouldn’t win.

We then heard rumours of a so-called ‘middle way’ option – something that would potentially have the same impact as repeal, but would somehow be more appealing to wavering or nervous Conservative MPs and voters. And this is it.

So we need to ensure that every MP understands that this ‘amendment’ is nothing less than repeal by the back door – and to make sure that they vote against it!

Robbie Marsland is Director of the League Against Cruel Sports.

Contact your MP at www.league.org.uk/savetheact. Please do this before anything else as it will be far more effective than signing a petition!

Action: The League Against Cruel Sports will be joining Team Fox for a rally against the amendments at Old Palace Yard, SW1, on Tuesday, starting 11am.

Twitter: #keeptheban

Petitions

Please sign either or both of these petitions – but only after you have contacted your MP!

• ‘Don’t make any changes to the Fox Hunting ban!‘ – by 38 Degrees.
• ‘URGENT: Ask SNP to vote against fox hunting next week!‘ by Care2.

Deregulation is often packaged as a fight against red tape or a drive to improve efficiency by removing so-called ‘burdens’ on business or ‘barriers’ to trade.

But such ‘burdens’ are the social and environmental standards that protect us all and the world we live in.

With human activity responsible for both dangerous levels of damage to natural habitats in Europe and the onset of the biggest mass extinction event in over 65 million years, we should be asking what more we can do to protect Europe’s most vulnerable plants and species, not assessing rules that are there to protect the environment against a set of outdated jobs and growth objectives.

Unfortunately, the European Commission currently seems to be intent on the latter.

As part of its deregulation drive – known as the ‘Better Regulation’ agenda, the EU’s executive body has put the spotlight on two little-known but vital EU nature laws by holding a review of the Birds Directive, and the Habitats & Species Directive – a ‘Fitness Check’ in Brussels parlance.

By setting limits and restrictions on where and how land can be used and developed, the aim of these laws is to ensure the most-threatened species and habitat types are protected, maintained, or restored to favourable conservation status across their natural range.

If a project is given the go-ahead in an area designated for nature protection under these EU laws, developers will usually be required to avoid or minimise the destruction of protected species and habitats.

The laws work – so what is ‘modernisation’ meant to achieve?

Such thorough but flexible rules have resulted in higher levels of nature conservation and the protection of species like the Eurasian lynx, the European beaver and the Blue butterfly, as well as over 2,000 habitats such as marshlands, estuaries, mountains, coastal lagoons, meadows, dunes and grasslands, to name a few.

In total, 20% of Europe’s land and 4% of its marine sites are protected – the biggest network of protected areas in the world.

Taking a look at legislation to check it is still relevant is not problematic in itself. Yet, while the official outcome of the review won’t be known before the end of the year, European Commission President Juncker has already asked Environment Commissioner Vella to investigate merging the two Directives into a “more modern piece of legislation” – sentiments echoed by Frans Timmermans, the Commission’s First Vice-President who has been tasked with leading President Juncker’s deregulation push.

The Commission rebuffs the idea that it is pre-empting the results by emphasising its commitment to nature protection and the objectives of EU nature laws – and indeed, the EU’s commitment to the objectives was recently reinforced by heads of state and government in the EU’s Biodiversity Strategy to 2020.

But the Commission’s line that they won’t “lower ambition” has not convinced NGOs since the Fitness Check process was never meant to be about a review of the objectives – it is a review of the means to achieve these objectives.

What makes it difficult to believe that the Commission is as committed as it says it is to the level of ambition spelled out in the EU Biodiversity Strategy and in the objectives of the Birds and Habitats Directives is the fact that biodiversity and environment do not feature on Juncker’s list of top-ten political priorities.

Nature laws don’t even make the ‘top ten’ of business burdens

The facts show that these laws are effective at protecting plants, species, and habitats. The Commission has launched infringement procedures against member states where planned infrastructure projects would have destroyed habitats and wildlife protected under EU nature laws.

In 2007, the European Commission took Poland to the European Court of Justice, challenging the government’s plans to build a new 17.1 kilometre bypass through the Rospuda river valley – a series of unspoilt habitats within the Augustów Primeval Forest which is protected by EU nature legislation.

The European Commission successfully argued that the planned project would destroy “precious natural heritage” and Poland was forced to choose a new route for the bypass. If the site had not been protected by EU nature laws, the European Commission would not have had such a strong case against the project. Today Poland is exemplary in addressing conservation in all its planning activities.

Getting rid of these standards by introducing more flexibility would be sacrificing our natural world in the name of short-term profit-making, and opening up the legislation for revision will create years of legal uncertainty for both business and nature. Instead, these laws, widely regarded as exemplary by environmental experts, should be fully implemented and better enforced by EU countries to protect nature for future generations.

This singling out of the nature directives is particularly disturbing since the idea that nature laws impose unnecessary or disproportionate constraints on economic activity is a myth.

In reality, in 2014 the Commission’s own High Level Group on Administrative Burden (known as the ‘Stoiber Group’) estimated that environmental regulation was responsible for just 1% of the total administrative burdens facing businesses, and in 2012 EU nature laws didn’t even feature on a list of the top 10 most-burdensome EU laws for SMEs.

Record-breaking numbers of citizen responses

But there is a fightback. As part of this review of EU nature laws, a public consultation has been opened for European citizens to have their say.

And through ‘Nature Alert‘, a campaign organised by four NGOs – the European Environmental Bureau (EEB), WWF, BirdLife Europe and Friends of the Earth Europe – over 325,500 people have responded to tell the Commission that they want Europe’s nature laws not only maintained, but better implemented and enforced.

This is a record-breaking level of participation in a Commission public consultation, even surpassing the 145,000 responses to one on elements of the controversial EU-US trade deal – the transatlantic trade and investment partnership (TTIP).

And just as mounting public pressure has successfully slowed progress on TTIP and the imminent risk it poses for hard-fought-for social and environmental standards, so too can widespread public mobilisation against this attack on nature expose this new Commission’s hostile approach to both new and existing environmental laws.

Deregulation is often packaged as a fight against red tape or a drive to improve efficiency by removing so-called ‘burdens’ on business or ‘barriers’ to trade, and its advocates defend it as ‘not lowering standards’. But the reality is that most of what some may call ‘burdens’ are not unnecessary bureaucratic procedures. They are the social and environmental standards that protect us all and the world we live in.

EU citizens don’t want an EU where environmental concerns are put on the back burner as leaders look for ways to indiscriminately deregulate to prove they are delivering on a ‘growth and jobs’ agenda.

They want nature at the forefront of EU policymaking – before it’s too late to reverse the damage human activity has had on our natural world.

Take part in the public consultation on EU nature laws via Nature Alert, or fill the survey out in full on the European Commission website. The Consultation runs until 24 July.

Leonardo Mazza is the Senior Policy Officer for Biodiversity, Water & Soil Protection at the European Environmental Bureau (EEB). The EEB is the environmental voice of European citizens, standing for environmental justice, sustainable development and participatory democracy. We want the EU to ensure all people a healthy environment and rich biodiversity.

This article was originally published by openDemocracy under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International licence.

The humble bumblebee is feeling the squeeze from climate change.

Newly published research shows that its southern range is being reduced as the planet warms – and yet it seems to show no sign of migrating northwards to safety.

This unwillingness to head for cooler climes could prove disastrous, and has prompted some scientists to suggest that humans may need to intervene by creating refuges for the bees away from the heat.

Jeremy Kerr, a biologist at the University of Ottawa, Canada, and colleagues report in the journal Science that they generated a database of 423,000 local observations of 36 European and 31 North American species of the genus Bombus and mapped the patterns of change.

They found that in recent, increasingly warmer decades, bumblebees tended to disappear from the southernmost and hottest parts of their range, but did not shift north. In some cases, the insects’ range had shrunk by as much as 300 kilometres.

“Using long-term observations across Europe and North America over 110 years, we tested for climate change-related range shifts in bumblebee species across the full extents of their latitudinal and thermal limits and movements along elevation gradients”, the paper states.

“We found cross-continentally consistent trends in failures to track warming through time at species’ northern range limits, range losses from southern range limits, and shifts to higher elevations among southern species. These effects … underscore the need to test for climate impacts at both leading and trailing latitudinal and thermal limits for species.”

Bumblebees trapped in ‘climate vice’

“Global warming has trapped bumblebee species in a kind of climate vice”, Professor Kerr says. “The result is dramatic losses of bumblebee species from the hottest areas across two continents.

“For species that evolved under cool conditions, like bumblebees, global warming might be the kind of threat that causes many of them to disappear for good. Unlike so many other species, bumblebees generally haven’t expanded into more northern areas. We may need to help these species establish new colonies to the north, and at continental scales.”

The finding is a clear indication that some naturally mobile species may not be able to adapt to climate change.

In recent decades, biologists have used animal and even plant migration to monitor climate change. Alpine species in Switzerland have been observed moving uphill, and in the UK, the butterfly range has tended to shift northwards.

In the latest study, the scientists looked at a range of factors that might limit bumblebee migration – things such as changes in land use, and pesticide prevalence, create problems for all wild species. But these factors seemed to play no significant part in limiting the creature’s range.

There is evidence that, where they can do, some species are moving uphill by as much as 300 metres, while still staying in the same latitude. But researchers do know that bumblebees don’t thrive in the extremes of heat that have been an increasing feature of recent decades.

Bees should be able to migrate north – but they’re not doing it

“We don’t know for sure what is causing a stagnation at the northern end of things“, says Paul Galpern, a landscape ecologist at the University of Calgary, and a co-author of the report.

“Bees should be able to start new colonies in places they did not historically occupy. But we don’t know why this is happening so slowly that it looks like the ranges are not moving at all. This all points to the fact that bumblebees are at risk, and the services that they provide are increasingly threatened by human-caused climate change.”

Such creatures play an important role in temperate zone ecosystems. “Bumblebees pollinate many plants that provide food for humans and wildlife“, says Leif Richardson, a biologist at the University of Vermont, and also a co-author of the report.

“If we don’t stop the decline in the abundance of bumblebees, we may well face higher food prices, diminished varieties, and other troubles.”

Professor Kerr reinforces the message: “Pollinators are vital for food security and our economy, and widespread losses of pollinators due to climate change will diminish both.

“We need to figure out how we can improve the outlook for pollinators at continental scales, but the most important thing we can do is begin to take serious action to reduce the rate of climate change.”

The paper: ‘Climate change impacts on bumblebees converge across continents‘ by Jeremy T Kerr et al is published in Science.

Tim Radford writes for Climate News Network.

When the government announced on Wednesday that they were aiming to amend the Hunting Act, there was understandable outcry.

Hidden in the language of ‘flushing to guns’ and ‘a minor amendment’ was basically a cynical attempt to make it easier for hunts to chase and kill foxes. It would also make it harder for hunts to be convicted when they break the law.

Now we have seen the full details of what the government are proposing. And it’s a whole lot worse than we thought.

The changes to the Hunting Act are not minor or subtle, they are massive. This is not a ‘tweak’ to facilitate pest control, this is nothing short of repeal.

All of the exemptions to the Act have been altered to allow an unlimited number of dogs, not just the flushing exemption. So a full pack could be used to:

• Retrieve an injured or diseased animal
• Carry out research and observation
• Flush a mammal to waiting guns

What this means is that any hunt can go out with a full pack of dogs and just pick the exemption that suits them best on the day. They’ll never even have to have a gun present, they can claim to be carrying out observation. Or that they spotted a diseased fox or hare, or even deer, and were retrieving it to be shot, but, uh oh, the hounds killed it first.

What all this means is that prosecution under the Hunting Act will be extremely difficult, or even impossible.

The myth of ‘pest control’

They are also relaxing the exemption for terrier work, allowing it to be used to protect livestock as well as birds reared for shooting, and not requiring the perpetrators to carry written permission from landowners.

What is terrier work? This is the despicable practice of sending terrier dogs down under the ground to do battle with foxes who have escaped. You can only imagine the fear and the damage inflicted on both animals. This should be outlawed, full stop, but through this amendment the Government will make it legal.

For the record, do the arguments about ‘pest’ or ‘fox control’ have any substance? The main argument being used to justify this change is that farmers who need to kill foxes to protect their livestock cannot do it by only using two dogs to ‘flush to guns’ – that means chase the foxes from cover into a waiting shotgun.

In Scotland they can use an unlimited number of dogs, and this is what the amendment in England and Wales is claiming to try and achieve.

All this might sound reasonable until you look into it a bit deeper. Yes, foxes do kill lambs – but by no means to the extent that is implied by the pro-hunt lobby. Evidence and the Government’s own figures show that a tiny proportion of lamb deaths can be attributed to foxes.

One study attributed only 1% of lamb deaths to foxes, the other 99% are due to inclement weather and failures of husbandry. We’ve had farmers come to us to say that lethal fox control is completely unnecessary.

What it’s really all about – the fun of killing

But the point is, this is actually nothing to do with flushing to guns or pest control. This is not about hunting foxes for pest control, it’s about hunting foxes for fun. Let’s get real – hunts talk about the ‘thrill of the chase’ – they don’t talk about the ‘thrill of surrounding some trees so the fox can get shot’.

And if fox hunting has anything to do with pest control, why would hunts, or closely connected individuals, be feeding up foxes with offal piles in the woods and even ‘farming’ fox cubs – as revealed in The Ecologist?

Hunting has been illegal for ten years, but in many places it has continued. There have been over 400 convictions under the Hunting Act making it very successful, but hunts have also found many ways to jump through loopholes. The new amendments being suggested will turn those loopholes into one massive blackhole.

If amended in this way it will run a coach and horses through the legislation and will allow hunts to get away with chasing wild animals across the countryside to allow the hounds to rip them apart.

And remember: these are the people who spent years arguing that the Hunting Act was a bad and ineffective law, when the real problem was that it worked all too well. Now, with this amendment, they are trying to make sure that it’s a bad and ineffective law.

MPs’ decision time

The question is, will MPs let this happen? We know that eight out of ten people in this country are opposed to hunting. We know that the majority of opposition MPs are opposed to hunting – including those of the Scottish National Party, whose participation in the vote is not yet guaranteed.

We also know that at least 40 Conservative MPs are opposed to hunting, along with seven out of ten Conservative voters are opposed to hunting. So could this actually go through? The sad truth is yes, if MPs allow it.

Our somewhat archaic Parliamentary system means that only people attending the session can vote, so we need to ensure that everyone opposed to fox hunting is present. All it will take to bring back hunting is for anti-hunting MPs not to turn up.

The government is being canny by proceeding this way, however. The initial manifesto pledge was for a free vote on ‘repeal of the Hunting Act’. Over the last few weeks they have obviously seen how much opposition there would be to that, and realised they wouldn’t win.

We then heard rumours of a so-called ‘middle way’ option – something that would potentially have the same impact as repeal, but would somehow be more appealing to wavering or nervous Conservative MPs and voters. And this is it.

So we need to ensure that every MP understands that this ‘amendment’ is nothing less than repeal by the back door – and to make sure that they vote against it!

Robbie Marsland is Director of the League Against Cruel Sports.

Contact your MP at www.league.org.uk/savetheact. Please do this before anything else as it will be far more effective than signing a petition!

Action: The League Against Cruel Sports will be joining Team Fox for a rally against the amendments at Old Palace Yard, SW1, on Tuesday, starting 11am.

Twitter: #keeptheban

Petitions

Please sign either or both of these petitions – but only after you have contacted your MP!

• ‘Don’t make any changes to the Fox Hunting ban!‘ – by 38 Degrees.
• ‘URGENT: Ask SNP to vote against fox hunting next week!‘ by Care2.

The humble bumblebee is feeling the squeeze from climate change.

Newly published research shows that its southern range is being reduced as the planet warms – and yet it seems to show no sign of migrating northwards to safety.

This unwillingness to head for cooler climes could prove disastrous, and has prompted some scientists to suggest that humans may need to intervene by creating refuges for the bees away from the heat.

Jeremy Kerr, a biologist at the University of Ottawa, Canada, and colleagues report in the journal Science that they generated a database of 423,000 local observations of 36 European and 31 North American species of the genus Bombus and mapped the patterns of change.

They found that in recent, increasingly warmer decades, bumblebees tended to disappear from the southernmost and hottest parts of their range, but did not shift north. In some cases, the insects’ range had shrunk by as much as 300 kilometres.

“Using long-term observations across Europe and North America over 110 years, we tested for climate change-related range shifts in bumblebee species across the full extents of their latitudinal and thermal limits and movements along elevation gradients”, the paper states.

“We found cross-continentally consistent trends in failures to track warming through time at species’ northern range limits, range losses from southern range limits, and shifts to higher elevations among southern species. These effects … underscore the need to test for climate impacts at both leading and trailing latitudinal and thermal limits for species.”

Bumblebees trapped in ‘climate vice’

“Global warming has trapped bumblebee species in a kind of climate vice”, Professor Kerr says. “The result is dramatic losses of bumblebee species from the hottest areas across two continents.

“For species that evolved under cool conditions, like bumblebees, global warming might be the kind of threat that causes many of them to disappear for good. Unlike so many other species, bumblebees generally haven’t expanded into more northern areas. We may need to help these species establish new colonies to the north, and at continental scales.”

The finding is a clear indication that some naturally mobile species may not be able to adapt to climate change.

In recent decades, biologists have used animal and even plant migration to monitor climate change. Alpine species in Switzerland have been observed moving uphill, and in the UK, the butterfly range has tended to shift northwards.

In the latest study, the scientists looked at a range of factors that might limit bumblebee migration – things such as changes in land use, and pesticide prevalence, create problems for all wild species. But these factors seemed to play no significant part in limiting the creature’s range.

There is evidence that, where they can do, some species are moving uphill by as much as 300 metres, while still staying in the same latitude. But researchers do know that bumblebees don’t thrive in the extremes of heat that have been an increasing feature of recent decades.

Bees should be able to migrate north – but they’re not doing it

“We don’t know for sure what is causing a stagnation at the northern end of things“, says Paul Galpern, a landscape ecologist at the University of Calgary, and a co-author of the report.

“Bees should be able to start new colonies in places they did not historically occupy. But we don’t know why this is happening so slowly that it looks like the ranges are not moving at all. This all points to the fact that bumblebees are at risk, and the services that they provide are increasingly threatened by human-caused climate change.”

Such creatures play an important role in temperate zone ecosystems. “Bumblebees pollinate many plants that provide food for humans and wildlife“, says Leif Richardson, a biologist at the University of Vermont, and also a co-author of the report.

“If we don’t stop the decline in the abundance of bumblebees, we may well face higher food prices, diminished varieties, and other troubles.”

Professor Kerr reinforces the message: “Pollinators are vital for food security and our economy, and widespread losses of pollinators due to climate change will diminish both.

“We need to figure out how we can improve the outlook for pollinators at continental scales, but the most important thing we can do is begin to take serious action to reduce the rate of climate change.”

The paper: ‘Climate change impacts on bumblebees converge across continents‘ by Jeremy T Kerr et al is published in Science.

Tim Radford writes for Climate News Network.

When the government announced on Wednesday that they were aiming to amend the Hunting Act, there was understandable outcry.

Hidden in the language of ‘flushing to guns’ and ‘a minor amendment’ was basically a cynical attempt to make it easier for hunts to chase and kill foxes. It would also make it harder for hunts to be convicted when they break the law.

Now we have seen the full details of what the government are proposing. And it’s a whole lot worse than we thought.

The changes to the Hunting Act are not minor or subtle, they are massive. This is not a ‘tweak’ to facilitate pest control, this is nothing short of repeal.

All of the exemptions to the Act have been altered to allow an unlimited number of dogs, not just the flushing exemption. So a full pack could be used to:

• Retrieve an injured or diseased animal
• Carry out research and observation
• Flush a mammal to waiting guns

What this means is that any hunt can go out with a full pack of dogs and just pick the exemption that suits them best on the day. They’ll never even have to have a gun present, they can claim to be carrying out observation. Or that they spotted a diseased fox or hare, or even deer, and were retrieving it to be shot, but, uh oh, the hounds killed it first.

What all this means is that prosecution under the Hunting Act will be extremely difficult, or even impossible.

The myth of ‘pest control’

They are also relaxing the exemption for terrier work, allowing it to be used to protect livestock as well as birds reared for shooting, and not requiring the perpetrators to carry written permission from landowners.

What is terrier work? This is the despicable practice of sending terrier dogs down under the ground to do battle with foxes who have escaped. You can only imagine the fear and the damage inflicted on both animals. This should be outlawed, full stop, but through this amendment the Government will make it legal.

For the record, do the arguments about ‘pest’ or ‘fox control’ have any substance? The main argument being used to justify this change is that farmers who need to kill foxes to protect their livestock cannot do it by only using two dogs to ‘flush to guns’ – that means chase the foxes from cover into a waiting shotgun.

In Scotland they can use an unlimited number of dogs, and this is what the amendment in England and Wales is claiming to try and achieve.

All this might sound reasonable until you look into it a bit deeper. Yes, foxes do kill lambs – but by no means to the extent that is implied by the pro-hunt lobby. Evidence and the Government’s own figures show that a tiny proportion of lamb deaths can be attributed to foxes.

One study attributed only 1% of lamb deaths to foxes, the other 99% are due to inclement weather and failures of husbandry. We’ve had farmers come to us to say that lethal fox control is completely unnecessary.

What it’s really all about – the fun of killing

But the point is, this is actually nothing to do with flushing to guns or pest control. This is not about hunting foxes for pest control, it’s about hunting foxes for fun. Let’s get real – hunts talk about the ‘thrill of the chase’ – they don’t talk about the ‘thrill of surrounding some trees so the fox can get shot’.

And if fox hunting has anything to do with pest control, why would hunts, or closely connected individuals, be feeding up foxes with offal piles in the woods and even ‘farming’ fox cubs – as revealed in The Ecologist?

Hunting has been illegal for ten years, but in many places it has continued. There have been over 400 convictions under the Hunting Act making it very successful, but hunts have also found many ways to jump through loopholes. The new amendments being suggested will turn those loopholes into one massive blackhole.

If amended in this way it will run a coach and horses through the legislation and will allow hunts to get away with chasing wild animals across the countryside to allow the hounds to rip them apart.

And remember: these are the people who spent years arguing that the Hunting Act was a bad and ineffective law, when the real problem was that it worked all too well. Now, with this amendment, they are trying to make sure that it’s a bad and ineffective law.

MPs’ decision time

The question is, will MPs let this happen? We know that eight out of ten people in this country are opposed to hunting. We know that the majority of opposition MPs are opposed to hunting – including those of the Scottish National Party, whose participation in the vote is not yet guaranteed.

We also know that at least 40 Conservative MPs are opposed to hunting, along with seven out of ten Conservative voters are opposed to hunting. So could this actually go through? The sad truth is yes, if MPs allow it.

Our somewhat archaic Parliamentary system means that only people attending the session can vote, so we need to ensure that everyone opposed to fox hunting is present. All it will take to bring back hunting is for anti-hunting MPs not to turn up.

The government is being canny by proceeding this way, however. The initial manifesto pledge was for a free vote on ‘repeal of the Hunting Act’. Over the last few weeks they have obviously seen how much opposition there would be to that, and realised they wouldn’t win.

We then heard rumours of a so-called ‘middle way’ option – something that would potentially have the same impact as repeal, but would somehow be more appealing to wavering or nervous Conservative MPs and voters. And this is it.

So we need to ensure that every MP understands that this ‘amendment’ is nothing less than repeal by the back door – and to make sure that they vote against it!

Robbie Marsland is Director of the League Against Cruel Sports.

Contact your MP at www.league.org.uk/savetheact. Please do this before anything else as it will be far more effective than signing a petition!

Action: The League Against Cruel Sports will be joining Team Fox for a rally against the amendments at Old Palace Yard, SW1, on Tuesday, starting 11am.

Twitter: #keeptheban

Petitions

Please sign either or both of these petitions – but only after you have contacted your MP!

• ‘Don’t make any changes to the Fox Hunting ban!‘ – by 38 Degrees.
• ‘URGENT: Ask SNP to vote against fox hunting next week!‘ by Care2.

The humble bumblebee is feeling the squeeze from climate change.

Newly published research shows that its southern range is being reduced as the planet warms – and yet it seems to show no sign of migrating northwards to safety.

This unwillingness to head for cooler climes could prove disastrous, and has prompted some scientists to suggest that humans may need to intervene by creating refuges for the bees away from the heat.

Jeremy Kerr, a biologist at the University of Ottawa, Canada, and colleagues report in the journal Science that they generated a database of 423,000 local observations of 36 European and 31 North American species of the genus Bombus and mapped the patterns of change.

They found that in recent, increasingly warmer decades, bumblebees tended to disappear from the southernmost and hottest parts of their range, but did not shift north. In some cases, the insects’ range had shrunk by as much as 300 kilometres.

“Using long-term observations across Europe and North America over 110 years, we tested for climate change-related range shifts in bumblebee species across the full extents of their latitudinal and thermal limits and movements along elevation gradients”, the paper states.

“We found cross-continentally consistent trends in failures to track warming through time at species’ northern range limits, range losses from southern range limits, and shifts to higher elevations among southern species. These effects … underscore the need to test for climate impacts at both leading and trailing latitudinal and thermal limits for species.”

Bumblebees trapped in ‘climate vice’

“Global warming has trapped bumblebee species in a kind of climate vice”, Professor Kerr says. “The result is dramatic losses of bumblebee species from the hottest areas across two continents.

“For species that evolved under cool conditions, like bumblebees, global warming might be the kind of threat that causes many of them to disappear for good. Unlike so many other species, bumblebees generally haven’t expanded into more northern areas. We may need to help these species establish new colonies to the north, and at continental scales.”

The finding is a clear indication that some naturally mobile species may not be able to adapt to climate change.

In recent decades, biologists have used animal and even plant migration to monitor climate change. Alpine species in Switzerland have been observed moving uphill, and in the UK, the butterfly range has tended to shift northwards.

In the latest study, the scientists looked at a range of factors that might limit bumblebee migration – things such as changes in land use, and pesticide prevalence, create problems for all wild species. But these factors seemed to play no significant part in limiting the creature’s range.

There is evidence that, where they can do, some species are moving uphill by as much as 300 metres, while still staying in the same latitude. But researchers do know that bumblebees don’t thrive in the extremes of heat that have been an increasing feature of recent decades.

Bees should be able to migrate north – but they’re not doing it

“We don’t know for sure what is causing a stagnation at the northern end of things“, says Paul Galpern, a landscape ecologist at the University of Calgary, and a co-author of the report.

“Bees should be able to start new colonies in places they did not historically occupy. But we don’t know why this is happening so slowly that it looks like the ranges are not moving at all. This all points to the fact that bumblebees are at risk, and the services that they provide are increasingly threatened by human-caused climate change.”

Such creatures play an important role in temperate zone ecosystems. “Bumblebees pollinate many plants that provide food for humans and wildlife“, says Leif Richardson, a biologist at the University of Vermont, and also a co-author of the report.

“If we don’t stop the decline in the abundance of bumblebees, we may well face higher food prices, diminished varieties, and other troubles.”

Professor Kerr reinforces the message: “Pollinators are vital for food security and our economy, and widespread losses of pollinators due to climate change will diminish both.

“We need to figure out how we can improve the outlook for pollinators at continental scales, but the most important thing we can do is begin to take serious action to reduce the rate of climate change.”

The paper: ‘Climate change impacts on bumblebees converge across continents‘ by Jeremy T Kerr et al is published in Science.

Tim Radford writes for Climate News Network.

When the government announced on Wednesday that they were aiming to amend the Hunting Act, there was understandable outcry.

Hidden in the language of ‘flushing to guns’ and ‘a minor amendment’ was basically a cynical attempt to make it easier for hunts to chase and kill foxes. It would also make it harder for hunts to be convicted when they break the law.

Now we have seen the full details of what the government are proposing. And it’s a whole lot worse than we thought.

The changes to the Hunting Act are not minor or subtle, they are massive. This is not a ‘tweak’ to facilitate pest control, this is nothing short of repeal.

All of the exemptions to the Act have been altered to allow an unlimited number of dogs, not just the flushing exemption. So a full pack could be used to:

• Retrieve an injured or diseased animal
• Carry out research and observation
• Flush a mammal to waiting guns

What this means is that any hunt can go out with a full pack of dogs and just pick the exemption that suits them best on the day. They’ll never even have to have a gun present, they can claim to be carrying out observation. Or that they spotted a diseased fox or hare, or even deer, and were retrieving it to be shot, but, uh oh, the hounds killed it first.

What all this means is that prosecution under the Hunting Act will be extremely difficult, or even impossible.

The myth of ‘pest control’

They are also relaxing the exemption for terrier work, allowing it to be used to protect livestock as well as birds reared for shooting, and not requiring the perpetrators to carry written permission from landowners.

What is terrier work? This is the despicable practice of sending terrier dogs down under the ground to do battle with foxes who have escaped. You can only imagine the fear and the damage inflicted on both animals. This should be outlawed, full stop, but through this amendment the Government will make it legal.

For the record, do the arguments about ‘pest’ or ‘fox control’ have any substance? The main argument being used to justify this change is that farmers who need to kill foxes to protect their livestock cannot do it by only using two dogs to ‘flush to guns’ – that means chase the foxes from cover into a waiting shotgun.

In Scotland they can use an unlimited number of dogs, and this is what the amendment in England and Wales is claiming to try and achieve.

All this might sound reasonable until you look into it a bit deeper. Yes, foxes do kill lambs – but by no means to the extent that is implied by the pro-hunt lobby. Evidence and the Government’s own figures show that a tiny proportion of lamb deaths can be attributed to foxes.

One study attributed only 1% of lamb deaths to foxes, the other 99% are due to inclement weather and failures of husbandry. We’ve had farmers come to us to say that lethal fox control is completely unnecessary.

What it’s really all about – the fun of killing

But the point is, this is actually nothing to do with flushing to guns or pest control. This is not about hunting foxes for pest control, it’s about hunting foxes for fun. Let’s get real – hunts talk about the ‘thrill of the chase’ – they don’t talk about the ‘thrill of surrounding some trees so the fox can get shot’.

And if fox hunting has anything to do with pest control, why would hunts, or closely connected individuals, be feeding up foxes with offal piles in the woods and even ‘farming’ fox cubs – as revealed in The Ecologist?

Hunting has been illegal for ten years, but in many places it has continued. There have been over 400 convictions under the Hunting Act making it very successful, but hunts have also found many ways to jump through loopholes. The new amendments being suggested will turn those loopholes into one massive blackhole.

If amended in this way it will run a coach and horses through the legislation and will allow hunts to get away with chasing wild animals across the countryside to allow the hounds to rip them apart.

And remember: these are the people who spent years arguing that the Hunting Act was a bad and ineffective law, when the real problem was that it worked all too well. Now, with this amendment, they are trying to make sure that it’s a bad and ineffective law.

MPs’ decision time

The question is, will MPs let this happen? We know that eight out of ten people in this country are opposed to hunting. We know that the majority of opposition MPs are opposed to hunting – including those of the Scottish National Party, whose participation in the vote is not yet guaranteed.

We also know that at least 40 Conservative MPs are opposed to hunting, along with seven out of ten Conservative voters are opposed to hunting. So could this actually go through? The sad truth is yes, if MPs allow it.

Our somewhat archaic Parliamentary system means that only people attending the session can vote, so we need to ensure that everyone opposed to fox hunting is present. All it will take to bring back hunting is for anti-hunting MPs not to turn up.

The government is being canny by proceeding this way, however. The initial manifesto pledge was for a free vote on ‘repeal of the Hunting Act’. Over the last few weeks they have obviously seen how much opposition there would be to that, and realised they wouldn’t win.

We then heard rumours of a so-called ‘middle way’ option – something that would potentially have the same impact as repeal, but would somehow be more appealing to wavering or nervous Conservative MPs and voters. And this is it.

So we need to ensure that every MP understands that this ‘amendment’ is nothing less than repeal by the back door – and to make sure that they vote against it!

Robbie Marsland is Director of the League Against Cruel Sports.

Contact your MP at www.league.org.uk/savetheact. Please do this before anything else as it will be far more effective than signing a petition!

Action: The League Against Cruel Sports will be joining Team Fox for a rally against the amendments at Old Palace Yard, SW1, on Tuesday, starting 11am.

Twitter: #keeptheban

Petitions

Please sign either or both of these petitions – but only after you have contacted your MP!

• ‘Don’t make any changes to the Fox Hunting ban!‘ – by 38 Degrees.
• ‘URGENT: Ask SNP to vote against fox hunting next week!‘ by Care2.

The humble bumblebee is feeling the squeeze from climate change.

Newly published research shows that its southern range is being reduced as the planet warms – and yet it seems to show no sign of migrating northwards to safety.

This unwillingness to head for cooler climes could prove disastrous, and has prompted some scientists to suggest that humans may need to intervene by creating refuges for the bees away from the heat.

Jeremy Kerr, a biologist at the University of Ottawa, Canada, and colleagues report in the journal Science that they generated a database of 423,000 local observations of 36 European and 31 North American species of the genus Bombus and mapped the patterns of change.

They found that in recent, increasingly warmer decades, bumblebees tended to disappear from the southernmost and hottest parts of their range, but did not shift north. In some cases, the insects’ range had shrunk by as much as 300 kilometres.

“Using long-term observations across Europe and North America over 110 years, we tested for climate change-related range shifts in bumblebee species across the full extents of their latitudinal and thermal limits and movements along elevation gradients”, the paper states.

“We found cross-continentally consistent trends in failures to track warming through time at species’ northern range limits, range losses from southern range limits, and shifts to higher elevations among southern species. These effects … underscore the need to test for climate impacts at both leading and trailing latitudinal and thermal limits for species.”

Bumblebees trapped in ‘climate vice’

“Global warming has trapped bumblebee species in a kind of climate vice”, Professor Kerr says. “The result is dramatic losses of bumblebee species from the hottest areas across two continents.

“For species that evolved under cool conditions, like bumblebees, global warming might be the kind of threat that causes many of them to disappear for good. Unlike so many other species, bumblebees generally haven’t expanded into more northern areas. We may need to help these species establish new colonies to the north, and at continental scales.”

The finding is a clear indication that some naturally mobile species may not be able to adapt to climate change.

In recent decades, biologists have used animal and even plant migration to monitor climate change. Alpine species in Switzerland have been observed moving uphill, and in the UK, the butterfly range has tended to shift northwards.

In the latest study, the scientists looked at a range of factors that might limit bumblebee migration – things such as changes in land use, and pesticide prevalence, create problems for all wild species. But these factors seemed to play no significant part in limiting the creature’s range.

There is evidence that, where they can do, some species are moving uphill by as much as 300 metres, while still staying in the same latitude. But researchers do know that bumblebees don’t thrive in the extremes of heat that have been an increasing feature of recent decades.

Bees should be able to migrate north – but they’re not doing it

“We don’t know for sure what is causing a stagnation at the northern end of things“, says Paul Galpern, a landscape ecologist at the University of Calgary, and a co-author of the report.

“Bees should be able to start new colonies in places they did not historically occupy. But we don’t know why this is happening so slowly that it looks like the ranges are not moving at all. This all points to the fact that bumblebees are at risk, and the services that they provide are increasingly threatened by human-caused climate change.”

Such creatures play an important role in temperate zone ecosystems. “Bumblebees pollinate many plants that provide food for humans and wildlife“, says Leif Richardson, a biologist at the University of Vermont, and also a co-author of the report.

“If we don’t stop the decline in the abundance of bumblebees, we may well face higher food prices, diminished varieties, and other troubles.”

Professor Kerr reinforces the message: “Pollinators are vital for food security and our economy, and widespread losses of pollinators due to climate change will diminish both.

“We need to figure out how we can improve the outlook for pollinators at continental scales, but the most important thing we can do is begin to take serious action to reduce the rate of climate change.”

The paper: ‘Climate change impacts on bumblebees converge across continents‘ by Jeremy T Kerr et al is published in Science.

Tim Radford writes for Climate News Network.